Implications of the 2024 European Parliament Election and the Rise of Right-Wing Parties for ASEAN’s Multiculturalism, Muslim Migration, and International Relations
The 2024 European Parliament elections marked a pivotal moment in European politics, with right-wing parties achieving unprecedented influence across the continent. These parties secured a significant increase in seats, reflecting a shift in voter sentiment toward issues such as stricter migration policies, national sovereignty, and skepticism toward further European integration. This outcome indicates a potential challenge for centrist and pro-European Union (EU) coalitions in maintaining influence over legislative decisions. It also signals a broader political realignment within the EU, with implications for its policies on migration, climate change, and relations with non-EU countries.This political shift, driven by a surge in nationalist rhetoric and opposition to immigration, has ignited widespread debates about its consequences for democracy, the rule of law, and the integration of diverse societies.
While these developments are rooted in the European context, their implications resonate far beyond, offering critical insights for Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), a region renowned for its multiculturalism and diversity. For ASEAN, the European experience serves as a cautionary tale, highlighting the potential challenges posed by far-right political extremism characterized by anti-immigrant and nationalist rhetoric, exclusionary policies that marginalize minority groups or restrict migration, and inter-religious tensions such as those arising from unequal representation, discrimination, or inflammatory rhetoric targeting specific religious communities.
The Rise of Right-Wing Populism in Europe and Lessons for ASEAN on Migration and Multiculturalism
The rise of right-wing populism in Europe has been fueled by a complex interplay of economic uncertainties, cultural anxieties, and resistance to globalization. Parties such as the National Rally in France, the Alternative for Germany (AfD), and Italy’s League have capitalized on fears surrounding migration and cultural preservation. Their anti-Islam and anti-migrant rhetoric have not only polarized public opinion but also strained the social fabric of many European nations. Central to their appeal is a nationalist agenda that undermines minority rights and challenges the democratic values on which the European Union was built. The EU’s response to these trends has been mixed, with some states, such as Germany and France, implementing policies to strengthen democratic institutions and combat hate speech, while others, like Hungary and Poland, remain divided or resistant, as seen in their controversial judicial reforms and restrictive media laws that have drawn criticism from the European Commission. ASEAN, comprising ten member states—Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam—is a regional organization established to promote political and economic cooperation. Unlike the EU, ASEAN operates with a lower level of integration, as its decision-making process is grounded in the principle of non-interference and consensus, limiting its ability to enforce binding policies. Nevertheless, ASEAN has achieved significant milestones, such as the establishment of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) and its role in maintaining regional stability through mechanisms like the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF). However, it faces challenges including limited institutional capacity, uneven economic development among member states, and the inability to effectively address human rights issues, as exemplified by the Rohingya crisis in Myanmar. Given these structural and operational differences, ASEAN can still draw important lessons from the EU’s political trajectory. The challenges faced by Europe in integrating Muslim migrants and addressing the rise of exclusionary politics mirror some of ASEAN’s vulnerabilities. For example, ASEAN’s history includes instances of inter-religious and ethnic conflicts, such as the plight of the Rohingya in Myanmar and tensions in Southern Thailand. These events underscore the importance of proactive measures to preserve social harmony in a region with diverse communities.
One of the key areas where Europe’s experience offers valuable insights is in the management of migration. The European debate over Muslim migration has often been characterized by hostility and polarization, such as the backlash against migration policies during the 2015 refugee crisis and the rise of anti-immigrant parties like the AfD. However, positive policies have also emerged, such as Germany's integration courses and Sweden’s emphasis on providing social support and language training for migrants, which aim to facilitate inclusion and integration. For ASEAN, which is seeing an increasing influx of Muslim migrants in countries like Malaysia and Indonesia—often as refugees or economic migrants— the emphasis must be on policies that foster inclusion and equitable treatment. Initiatives that encourage integration, mutual understanding, and respect can mitigate tensions and prevent the marginalization of migrant communities. Building platforms for dialogue between migrants and host communities can promote mutual respect and address misconceptions.
Democratic Norms and Regional Stability
Another pressing issue highlighted by Europe’s political shift is the erosion of democratic norms. In Europe, the rise of populism has been accompanied by a decline in the rule of law and the weakening of institutions that protect minority rights, as seen in judicial reforms in Poland and Hungary that have undermined judicial independence and in policies restricting the rights of LGBTQ+ communities and ethnic minorities. For ASEAN, which operates under a principle of consensus and non-interference, the need to uphold democratic principles and strengthen governance structures is paramount. A commitment to human rights and the rule of law can act as a bulwark against the divisive forces of political extremism. ASEAN’s adoption of mechanisms to monitor and address democratic backsliding could reinforce its commitment to these principles.
The rhetoric of European right-wing parties, particularly their anti-Islam stance, has also contributed to societal divisions and, in some cases, radicalization. For example, the AfD has framed Islam as incompatible with German values, while France's National Rally has supported bans on religious symbols, such as the hijab, further alienating Muslim communities. ASEAN’s approach to promoting interfaith dialogue and tolerance offers a counterpoint to this divisive narrative. Initiatives such as the ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights (AICHR) and regional platforms like the ASEAN Youth Interfaith Camp provide spaces for fostering mutual understanding and collaboration among different religious and cultural communities. By strengthening these platforms and encouraging greater civil society participation, ASEAN can bolster social cohesion and demonstrate a commitment to inclusivity that counters the rise of extremist ideologies. This approach aligns with ASEAN’s emphasis on “unity in diversity,” which, while sharing similarities with the EU’s motto, is uniquely rooted in ASEAN's history of managing its vast ethnic, cultural, and religious pluralism through consensus and respect for national sovereignty. By leveraging this principle, ASEAN can differentiate itself and position its pluralistic tradition as a model for maintaining harmony amidst diversity.
While the European Union operates as a supranational entity with extensive institutional mechanisms, ASEAN’s framework is based on intergovernmental cooperation. Despite these structural differences, both regions face shared challenges related to migration, religious diversity, and social integration. Europe’s struggles with exclusionary politics highlight the importance of regional collaboration in addressing such issues. For ASEAN, enhancing the role of the AICHR and adopting best practices from Europe, such as independent monitoring of human rights violations, could reinforce its institutional capacity. AICHR’s mandate could be expanded to include specific measures for promoting interfaith and intercultural dialogue as a preventive approach to conflict.
ASEAN’s Role in International Relations and Multicultural Diplomacy
Another critical area of focus for ASEAN is promoting intercultural dialogue. Europe’s Erasmus+ program, which facilitates academic and cultural exchange, serves as an inspiring model. ASEAN could develop similar initiatives to strengthen regional understanding and cooperation among its member states. Programs that encourage interaction and cultural exchange among diverse groups can build trust and reduce prejudice, laying the groundwork for greater regional unity. Such initiatives could also involve youth and grassroots organizations to ensure that the message of inclusivity reaches all levels of society.
The implications of Europe’s right-wing rise are also relevant for ASEAN’s international relations. As Europe grapples with its internal divisions, ASEAN, despite facing its own challenges such as differing national interests and approaches among member states, can still position itself as a proponent of multilateralism and inclusivity on the global stage. ASEAN’s commitment to the principles of regional stability and cooperation can serve as a contrast to the fractious politics seen in Europe. By advocating for inclusive policies and mutual respect in global forums, ASEAN can bolster its reputation as a region committed to peace and progress. This positioning aligns with ASEAN’s centrality in regional diplomacy and its role in fostering constructive dialogue among major powers.
Economic integration presents another area where ASEAN can learn from Europe’s experiences. The European Union’s single market has been a cornerstone of its success, yet the rise of nationalist politics threatens its cohesion. ASEAN’s efforts to strengthen economic ties through initiatives like the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) must be complemented by measures to ensure social cohesion. Balancing economic progress with the preservation of cultural and religious diversity is critical for sustainable regional integration. ASEAN’s approach could include leveraging digital platforms to enhance economic inclusivity and providing support for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) that embody the region’s diverse cultural heritage.
Education also plays a pivotal role in countering exclusionary narratives and promoting inclusivity. ASEAN member states could adopt educational reforms that emphasize critical thinking, tolerance, and respect for diversity. These reforms can empower younger generations to challenge divisive ideologies and foster a more inclusive society. Incorporating lessons from Europe’s struggles with rising populism, anti-immigrant sentiment, and challenges to social cohesion, ASEAN could integrate modules on regional history and the value of pluralism into school curricula. Teacher training programs could also be enhanced to equip educators with the tools to address issues of prejudice and discrimination in classrooms.
The media’s role in shaping public perceptions is another area of focus. Europe’s experience with the rise of right-wing populism underscores the influence of both traditional and social media in amplifying nationalist narratives and shaping political discourse. ASEAN can learn from this by promoting responsible journalism and ensuring that media platforms encourage balanced and inclusive discussions. Combating misinformation and hate speech is essential to maintaining social harmony and preventing the spread of extremist ideologies. While Europe has implemented initiatives such as codes of conduct for media professionals and independent fact-checking bodies, disinformation persists due to the rapid spread of false narratives on social media. ASEAN could build on these lessons by developing region-specific mechanisms, such as enhancing digital literacy campaigns and fostering collaboration with technology companies to curb disinformation while respecting freedom of expression.
Ultimately, ASEAN must remain vigilant against the rise of exclusionary politics. Addressing the root causes of societal discontent, such as economic inequality and unemployment, can preempt the appeal of populist narratives. Strengthening education systems to promote tolerance and critical thinking, alongside fostering a sense of shared regional identity, will be crucial in safeguarding ASEAN’s multicultural character. Collaborative efforts between governments, civil society, and regional organizations will be essential to these endeavors.
The rise of right-wing populism in Europe offers both a warning and an opportunity for ASEAN. While ASEAN has not experienced a similar rise of right-wing populism, the region faces its own forms of divisive politics, such as ethno-religious tensions and nationalist movements. The absence of a widespread right-wing populist trend in ASEAN can be attributed to its diverse political systems, emphasis on consensus, and cultural norms that prioritize social harmony. However, the risks of such ideologies taking root remain, particularly in the context of growing economic inequalities and identity-based conflicts. It underscores the risks of allowing divisive politics to take root while highlighting the importance of proactive measures to protect diversity and inclusion. By learning from Europe’s experiences, ASEAN can fortify its commitment to democratic values, human rights, and social cohesion. These efforts will be essential in navigating the challenges of an increasingly polarized world and ensuring that the region remains a beacon of multicultural harmony and resilience.
Additionally, ASEAN’s unique context provides opportunities to develop tailored strategies that address its specific challenges. For instance, the region’s strong emphasis on non-interference could be balanced with initiatives that promote shared values of inclusivity and mutual respect. Regional dialogues, akin to Europe’s conferences on migration and integration, could be adapted to ASEAN’s cultural and political realities. Such forums would allow member states to exchange best practices and collaborate on common challenges without compromising sovereignty.
Moreover, ASEAN could explore partnerships with other regions to strengthen its capacity to address issues of diversity and inclusion. Engagements with the EU, African Union, and other regional bodies could provide ASEAN with access to resources, expertise, and innovative approaches to managing pluralism. These partnerships could also enhance ASEAN’s role as a leader in promoting global dialogue on diversity and inclusion.
In strengthening its institutional frameworks, ASEAN must also consider the role of technology and innovation. Digital platforms can be leveraged to promote intercultural dialogue, facilitate access to education, and enhance economic inclusivity. Virtual exchanges and e-learning modules could complement traditional programs, making initiatives more accessible to diverse populations. Technology can also play a crucial role in combating hate speech and misinformation, with AI-driven tools assisting in monitoring and addressing harmful content online.
Finally, the importance of leadership cannot be overstated. ASEAN’s leaders must champion the values of diversity, inclusion, and democracy in their national and regional agendas. By demonstrating a commitment to these principles, they can set a powerful example for their societies and strengthen ASEAN’s collective identity. Leadership that prioritizes unity and collaboration over division will be critical in ensuring the region’s stability and prosperity.
The European experience, with its successes and setbacks, serves as a mirror reflecting the potential paths ASEAN can take. While Europe’s challenges are a cautionary tale, they also provide a roadmap for navigating the complexities of diversity and democracy. By embracing proactive measures and fostering a culture of inclusivity, ASEAN can transform these lessons into opportunities for growth and resilience. In doing so, the region can continue to thrive as a model of multicultural coexistence in an increasingly fragmented world.
Dr. Rizki Damayanti is a senior lecturer and researcher at the Department of International Relations, Paramadina University, Jakarta, Indonesia. She earned her Master of Arts (M.A.) degree in International Relations (Concentration: European Studies) from the University of Florence, Italy, and later completed her Doctorate in Islamic Studies with a concentration in Islam and International Relations at the Graduate School of Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University (UIN), Jakarta. Her research interests include Islam and International Relations, European Studies, and Southeast Asian Studies. She has conducted extensive research and published numerous academic works in these fields, focusing on topics such as interfaith dialogue, migration and forced displacement, regional integration, and the role of Islam in shaping international relations.
The opinions expressed in this blog are solely those of the author and do not reflect the views of EU-VALUES Network.